Leader of the Parliamentarian forces during the English Civil War, who later ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland as a republican dictator, known for his military victories and radical reforms.
Born in 1612
A prominent Parliamentarian commander during the English Civil War, he led the New Model Army to several victories, playing a crucial role in the execution of King Charles I.
Born in 1626
Lord Protector of Great Britain from 1658 to 1659, he briefly succeeded his father Oliver Cromwell, but was overthrown and exiled, leaving a legacy of failed attempts to restore the monarchy.
Born in 1623
A 17th-century republican thinker who advocated for individual liberties and constitutional government, influencing the development of modern democratic thought.