Stand Watie: The Cherokee Leader Who Defied Convention
A Confederate General and a Champion of His People
Stand Watie, also known as Degataga, is best known for being the only Native American Confederate general officer during the American Civil War. As the second principal chief of the Cherokee Nation from 1862 to 1866, he led Indian forces in the Trans-Mississippi Theater, comprised of Cherokee, Muskogee, and Seminole troops.
Early Life and Family
Born on December 12, 1806, in Oothcaloga, Cherokee Nation (present-day Calhoun, Georgia), Watie was the son of Uwatie, a full-blood Cherokee, and Susanna Reese, daughter of a white father and Cherokee mother. His name, Degataga, means "standing firm" in Cherokee.
The Treaty of New Echota and Its Consequences
Watie, along with his older brother
Elias Boudinot, signed the Treaty of New Echota in 1835, which led to the removal of the Cherokee to Indian Territory in the late 1830s. This decision was opposed by the majority of the tribe, and in 1839, the brothers were attacked, resulting in the deaths of Elias and other relatives active in the Treaty Party. Watie himself was attacked but survived.
A Cycle of Violence and Retribution
In 1842, Watie killed one of his uncle's attackers, and in 1845, his brother Thomas was killed in retaliation. This cycle of violence continued in Indian Territory, where Watie was eventually acquitted by the Cherokee of murder charges, citing self-defense.
The American Civil War and Beyond
During the American Civil War, the Cherokee Nation allied itself with the Confederate States, and Watie commanded Indian forces in the Trans-Mississippi Theater. He was the last Confederate States Army general to surrender, doing so on June 23, 1865. After the war, Watie led the Southern Cherokee delegation to Washington, D.C., in an attempt to sue for peace and have tribal divisions recognized by the federal government. However, the government only negotiated with the leaders who had sided with the Union.
Later Life and Legacy
Watie spent his later years out of politics, focusing on rebuilding his plantation. He died on September 9, 1871, leaving behind a legacy as a complex figure, both a champion of his people and a leader who made difficult choices during tumultuous times.
Philosophical Contributions and Beliefs
Watie's leadership was marked by a strong sense of loyalty to his people and a willingness to take risks in their defense. His actions during the American Civil War and its aftermath demonstrate his commitment to the principles of sovereignty and self-determination.
Influence on Modern Society
Today, Watie's legacy serves as a reminder of the complex and often fraught history of Native American relations with the United States government. His story also highlights the importance of understanding the diverse perspectives and experiences of Native American communities.
Quotes and Memorable Sayings
While there are no recorded quotes from Stand Watie, his actions and decisions speak to his unwavering commitment to his people and his principles.
FAQ
What was Stand Waties role in the American Civil War?
Stand Watie was a Confederate general during the American Civil War, serving as the commander of the Cherokee Mounted Rifles. He was a prominent leader of the Cherokee Nation and played a significant role in the war in the Trans-Mississippi Theater.
How did Stand Waties experiences as a Cherokee leader influence his military career?
Stand Waties experiences as a Cherokee leader provided him with valuable skills and insights that he applied to his military career. He was able to draw on his knowledge of the region and his understanding of guerrilla warfare to conduct effective campaigns against Union forces.
What was Stand Waties impact on the Cherokee Nation?
Stand Waties impact on the Cherokee Nation was significant, as he played a crucial role in the nations decision to ally with the Confederacy during the Civil War. He also worked to promote the interests of the Cherokee Nation and to protect its sovereignty.
How did Stand Waties leadership style contribute to his success as a military commander?
Stand Waties leadership style was characterized by his bravery, strategic thinking, and ability to inspire loyalty in his troops. He was a skilled commander who was able to adapt to changing circumstances and to make effective decisions in the heat of battle.
What is Stand Waties legacy in American history?
Stand Waties legacy in American history is that of a complex and multifaceted figure who played a significant role in the American Civil War. He is remembered as a brave and skilled military commander, as well as a leader who fought to protect the interests of the Cherokee Nation.
